Refutation of metal analysis deconstructions by IIG - Revision history

Earth Human Being: Text replacement - "traveling" to "travelling"

2023-08-25T06:22:18Z

Text replacement - "traveling" to "travelling"

← Older revision		Revision as of 06:22, 25 August 2023
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	'''Bremsstrahlung''': <span style="color:#000000;">It is an important phenomenon in the generation of X-rays. In the Bremsstrahlung process, a high speed electron ~~traveling~~ in a material is slowed or completely stopped by the forces of any atom it encounters. As a high speed electron approaches an atom, it will interact with the negative force from the electrons of the atom, and it may be slowed or completely stopped. If the electron is slowed down, it will exit the material with less energy. The law of conservation of energy tells us that this energy cannot be lost and must be absorbed by the atom or converted to another form of energy. The energy used to slow the electron is excessive to the atom and the energy will be radiated as x-radiation of equal energy. </span>		'''Bremsstrahlung''': <span style="color:#000000;">It is an important phenomenon in the generation of X-rays. In the Bremsstrahlung process, a high speed electron travelling in a material is slowed or completely stopped by the forces of any atom it encounters. As a high speed electron approaches an atom, it will interact with the negative force from the electrons of the atom, and it may be slowed or completely stopped. If the electron is slowed down, it will exit the material with less energy. The law of conservation of energy tells us that this energy cannot be lost and must be absorbed by the atom or converted to another form of energy. The energy used to slow the electron is excessive to the atom and the energy will be radiated as x-radiation of equal energy. </span>

Stevel: /* Part 2 – Second Attempt */

2022-07-09T14:09:59Z

Part 2 – Second Attempt

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:09, 9 July 2022
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	Ivan also omitted Dr. Vogel's analysis of other even more complex segments. He points out birefringence in all the sample he tested (gradually diffused from lower to higher stage material), and a couple are shown below:		Ivan also omitted Dr. Vogel's analysis of other even more complex segments. He points out birefringence in all the sample he tested (gradually diffused from lower to higher stage material), and a couple are shown below:

	<span style="background-color:transparent;">Looking at the first specimen from 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage, in tape 2 right in the beginning, Vogel points out birefringence. This specimen was polished: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">“It is silvery as you can see in colour. It looks like it has been melted. This is the last specimen which was <muffled> in plastic, <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished in Switzerland and now you can see this ~~meal~~ in its pristine state”.</span>		<span style="background-color:transparent;">Looking at the first specimen from 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage, in tape 2 right in the beginning, Vogel points out birefringence. This specimen was polished: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">“It is silvery as you can see in colour. It looks like it has been melted. This is the last specimen which was <muffled> in plastic, <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished in Switzerland and now you can see this metal in its pristine state”.</span>

	<span style="background-color:transparent;">Then in another instance, looking at the fifth specimen belonging to silvery 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage metal, Dr. Vogel comments “We are now looking at a silvery metal fifth specimen number 5 at the 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage of development, that is used according to the document that was given to me in the preparation of the spacecraft. We are looking at the object now which is being <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished, under cross field polarized light using a 250W Cesium Iodide light source”.</span>		<span style="background-color:transparent;">Then in another instance, looking at the fifth specimen belonging to silvery 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage metal, Dr. Vogel comments “We are now looking at a silvery metal fifth specimen number 5 at the 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage of development, that is used according to the document that was given to me in the preparation of the spacecraft. We are looking at the object now which is being <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished, under cross field polarized light using a 250W Cesium Iodide light source”.</span>

Earth Human Being: Text replacement - "analyze" to "analyse"

2022-03-08T11:52:44Z

Text replacement - "analyze" to "analyse"

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:52, 8 March 2022
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	IIG mentions:<span style="color:#004586;">'''“'''</span><span style="color:#004586;">1. The 1983 book </span><span style="color:#004586;">UFO…Contact From The Pleiades Volume II</span><span style="color:#004586;"> [1], the 1987 book </span><span style="color:#004586;">Light Years: An Investigation Into The Extraterrestrial Experiences Of Eduard Meier</span><span style="color:#004586;"> [2], and the 2001 book </span><span style="color:#004586;">And Yet…They Fly!</span><span style="color:#004586;"> [3] all state that research chemist Marcel Vogel used a scanning electron microscope to ~~analyze~~ the metal sample.</span>		IIG mentions:<span style="color:#004586;">'''“'''</span><span style="color:#004586;">1. The 1983 book </span><span style="color:#004586;">UFO…Contact From The Pleiades Volume II</span><span style="color:#004586;"> [1], the 1987 book </span><span style="color:#004586;">Light Years: An Investigation Into The Extraterrestrial Experiences Of Eduard Meier</span><span style="color:#004586;"> [2], and the 2001 book </span><span style="color:#004586;">And Yet…They Fly!</span><span style="color:#004586;"> [3] all state that research chemist Marcel Vogel used a scanning electron microscope to analyse the metal sample.</span>

	<div style="color:#004586;">2. All three books also state that Marcel Vogel detected the rare-Earth element Thulium using the scanning electron microscope.”</div>		<div style="color:#004586;">2. All three books also state that Marcel Vogel detected the rare-Earth element Thulium using the scanning electron microscope.”</div>
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	<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:1cm;">IIG mentions:</div><div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:1cm;"><span style="color:#004586;">“</span><span style="color:#004586;">Originally a qualified metallurgist using spectrometry ~~analyzed~~ the metal and the sample was revealed to be nothing more than a combination of ordinary silver and copper.”</span></div>		<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:1cm;">IIG mentions:</div><div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:1cm;"><span style="color:#004586;">“</span><span style="color:#004586;">Originally a qualified metallurgist using spectrometry analysed the metal and the sample was revealed to be nothing more than a combination of ordinary silver and copper.”</span></div>

	<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:1cm;">Walker found Silver and copper for the sample number 6 from 5<sup>th</sup> stage using electronic spectrometer, as consistent with Swiss Lab. The rare element Thulium was found in sample 4 from 3<sup>rd</sup> stage, that too in a particular region. It is likely that the Swiss Lab did not examine all sections of the metal sample provided.</div>		<div style="margin-left:0cm;margin-right:1cm;">Walker found Silver and copper for the sample number 6 from 5<sup>th</sup> stage using electronic spectrometer, as consistent with Swiss Lab. The rare element Thulium was found in sample 4 from 3<sup>rd</sup> stage, that too in a particular region. It is likely that the Swiss Lab did not examine all sections of the metal sample provided.</div>
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	The same link can be referred to verify how such a setup is used to illuminate a birefringent sample for examination.		The same link can be referred to verify how such a setup is used to illuminate a birefringent sample for examination.

	At this mark, Vogel examines the silvery specimen at 4th stage, and he rotates the ~~analyzer~~ (not the polarizer as Ivan asserts) while examining the specimen on the stage with fixed magnification. When the transmission axes of the ~~analyzer~~ and polarizer are crossed at an angle (90 degrees), maximum specimen birefringence is observed (maximum extinction of non-birefringent part). This is because no light from the non-birefringent part of the sample is accepted by the ~~analyzer~~ at this stage, however the region possessing birefringence couple some of the polarized light in one direction into other, therefore will not loose its brightness fully, but rather “appear” bright against the dark background.		At this mark, Vogel examines the silvery specimen at 4th stage, and he rotates the analyser (not the polarizer as Ivan asserts) while examining the specimen on the stage with fixed magnification. When the transmission axes of the analyser and polarizer are crossed at an angle (90 degrees), maximum specimen birefringence is observed (maximum extinction of non-birefringent part). This is because no light from the non-birefringent part of the sample is accepted by the analyser at this stage, however the region possessing birefringence couple some of the polarized light in one direction into other, therefore will not loose its brightness fully, but rather “appear” bright against the dark background.

	Vogel also discovers birefringence at a higher magnification using SEM. Refer same video 6:35 mark.		Vogel also discovers birefringence at a higher magnification using SEM. Refer same video 6:35 mark.

Daniel Leech at 09:11, 27 August 2018

2018-08-27T09:11:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:11, 27 August 2018
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			[[Category:Articles_by_others]]
	= <span style="color:#000000;">Few words</span> =		= <span style="color:#000000;">Few words</span> =

Suv: /* Part 2 – Second Attempt */ updated tutorial link

2018-01-02T11:17:44Z

Part 2 – Second Attempt: updated tutorial link

Suv: /* Part 2 – Second Attempt */ Fixed references - final version of article completed

2017-01-09T01:16:00Z

Part 2 – Second Attempt: Fixed references - final version of article completed

Suv: /* Part 3 – Third Attempt */

2017-01-08T14:21:47Z

Part 3 – Third Attempt

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:21, 8 January 2017
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	Again we see Ivan relying on nothing but instrument error to debunk presence of Rhenium, when in reality it is not possible to determine from the video ~~instrument error~~.		As postulated before, it is also possible that Vogel did not document 100% of his findings in Video. Also, Ivan mentions "if" Rhenium was though to be found, it could have been mistaken in place of "Zinc". Again, we see Ivan relying on nothing but instrument error to debunk presence of Rhenium, when in reality it is not possible to determine instrument error from the video.


	~~He has~~ time and again produced visually similar (not same) spectrum with crude manipulations and tried to associate the results of Vogel's analysis as instrument error or gross negligence or outright complicity. He used his go-to arguments to confuse the readers and debunk Thulium, Argon and Rhenium. He similarly used crude method to nearly simulate birefringence, as well as micro-manipulation. Then again, he completely ignored several other unusual properties exhibited by the sample. On the light of this, IIG and Ivan's debunking should not be taken seriously and further analysis should only be entertained from an unbiased metallurgist.		Ivan time and again produced visually similar (not same) spectrum with crude manipulations and tried to associate the results of Vogel's analysis as instrument error or gross negligence or outright complicity. He used his go-to arguments to confuse the readers and debunk Thulium, Argon and Rhenium. He similarly used crude method to nearly simulate birefringence, as well as micro-manipulation. Then again, he completely ignored several other unusual properties exhibited by the sample. On the light of this, IIG and Ivan's debunking should not be taken seriously and further analysis should only be entertained from an unbiased metallurgist.

	= Appendix A – Important terms and procedures =		= Appendix A – Important terms and procedures =

Suv: /* Part 2 – Second Attempt */ Fixed links

2017-01-08T14:01:49Z

Part 2 – Second Attempt: Fixed links

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:01, 8 January 2017
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	Cross polarised light is a term used to describe the state of a polarising microscope when both the lower and upper polariser are inserted. Polarised light is light that vibrates only in one direction. The lower polariser causes the incident light on a section to vibrate usually in the E-W direction. The upper polariser only allows light vibrating in the N-S direction to pass. With no mineral specimen in the path of the light, no light will pass through the upper polariser, also known as the analyser. Optically anisotropic minerals in the path of the incident rays, however, split light into two rays that when recombined at the analyser can interfere and pass through. Thus optically anisotropic materials appear bright or relatively bright in the background of optically isotropic material. In other words, cross polarization is a technique for inspecting optically anisotropic materials (or birefringent material).		Cross polarised light is a term used to describe the state of a polarising microscope when both the lower and upper polariser are inserted. Polarised light is light that vibrates only in one direction. The lower polariser causes the incident light on a section to vibrate usually in the E-W direction. The upper polariser only allows light vibrating in the N-S direction to pass. With no mineral specimen in the path of the light, no light will pass through the upper polariser, also known as the analyser. Optically anisotropic minerals in the path of the incident rays, however, split light into two rays that when recombined at the analyser can interfere and pass through. Thus optically anisotropic materials appear bright or relatively bright in the background of optically isotropic material. In other words, cross polarization is a technique for inspecting optically anisotropic materials (or birefringent material).

	[[http://microscopyu.com/tutorials/java/polarized/polarizerrotation/index.html ~~http://microscopyu.com/tutorials/java/polarized/polarizerrotation/index.html~~] ~~This tutorial~~] ~~explains~~ the effect of rotation on a birefringent material (need to install Java to view):		A tutorial found [[http://microscopyu.com/tutorials/java/polarized/polarizerrotation/index.html here]] explain the effect of rotation on a birefringent material (need to install Java to view):

	In the tutorial you will learn first hand how the intensity of polarized light, angle of incidence and focus are used simultaneously to observe behaviour of birefringent material under polarised light.		In the tutorial you will learn first hand how the intensity of polarized light, angle of incidence and focus are used simultaneously to observe behaviour of birefringent material under polarised light.
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	<nowiki>**Thulium does not occur naturally in pure form, and was prohibitively costly in 70's. Recent discoveries have reduced the rarity of Thulium to about that of gold or Silver<ref>http://www.molycorp.com/resources/the-rare-earth-elements/thulium/</ref>, but in pure form remain hard to procure and relatively costly. ~~</nowiki>~~		<nowiki>**</nowiki>Thulium does not occur naturally in pure form, and was prohibitively costly in the 70's. Recent discoveries have reduced the rarity of Thulium to about that of gold or Silver <ref>http://www.molycorp.com/resources/the-rare-earth-elements/thulium/</ref>, but in pure form remain hard to procure and relatively costly.

Suv: /* Part 1 – First Attempt */ Further readability improvements, grammar improvements

2017-01-08T13:51:44Z

Part 1 – First Attempt: Further readability improvements, grammar improvements

Show changes

Suv: /* Part 1 – First Attempt */ Improved readibility

2017-01-08T12:42:38Z

Part 1 – First Attempt: Improved readibility

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:42, 8 January 2017
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	<span style="background-color:transparent;">Vogel had analysed other areas of the same sample before and in the crystalline part, found Silicon, Iron, </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">and Sulpher. The comment Vogel actually gave - </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">''“In this crystalline area, the predominant element was Silicon, and iron, and there was a secondary band of Sulpher, which is right here. These are very very intense bands and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">'''we did not attempted to analyse the other particular lines'''</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> (gestures in between Silicon and Iron, and Iron and beyond) of the <muffled>, we just took the 3 main ones and list out there.” ''</span>		<span style="background-color:transparent;">Vogel had analysed other areas of the same sample before and in the crystalline part, found Silicon, Iron, </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">and Sulpher. The comment Vogel actually gave - </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">''“In this crystalline area, the predominant element was Silicon, and iron, and there was a secondary band of Sulpher, which is right here. These are very very intense bands and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">'''we did not attempted to analyse the other particular lines'''</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> (gestures in between Silicon and Iron, and Iron and beyond) of the <muffled>, we just took the 3 main ones and list out there.” ''</span>

	<span style="background-color:transparent;">Note that in the video Vogel was talking to a non-expert and never said that “all” the other lines are elements – just that he did not analyse them (for reasons unknown). One probable reason is that what looks like Bremsstrahlung radiation in a poor quality video, had some features that prompted Vogel to suspect other elements (not legible from the not-so-sharp video). Certainly </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">auto-peak-detection (refer [[#Appendix A – Important terms and procedures]] by the computer did not work, probably because of the unusually smooth fall off which was either due to low peak to background ratio, or due to the close spacing of peaks. The instrument could have interpreted any adjoining peaks as background and therefore had ignored probable elements. That Vogel suspected other elements in the region what appears now to be Bremsstrahlung continuum is a fact, but he did not further analyse this as evident from the video. Also this region, even if contained hidden peaks, Vogel would have found I extremely tough to meaningfully identify elements from this section. Hidden peaks or not</span><span style="background-color:transparent;">, it is not possible to deduce from the data at hand, that in any way </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">''‘an enormous mélange of almost all of the elements in the periodic table” can be''</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> inferred from the concerned section of the video of the spectral analysis. Why Guido's comment was linked to this part of spectral analysis by IIG, is unknown, as there is doubt that Guido's inference is based on analysis of another area of the sample, not on video. Vogel might not have recorded the concerned section at all as we will investigate now.</span>		<span style="background-color:transparent;">Note that in the video Vogel was talking to a non-expert and never said that “all” the other lines are elements – just that he did not analyse them (for reasons unknown). One probable reason is that what looks like Bremsstrahlung radiation in a poor quality video, had some features that prompted Vogel to suspect other elements (not legible from the not-so-sharp video). Certainly </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">auto-peak-detection (refer [[#Appendix A – Important terms and procedures]]) by the computer did not work, probably because of the unusually smooth fall off which was either due to low peak to background ratio, or due to the close spacing of peaks. The instrument could have interpreted any adjoining peaks as background and therefore had ignored probable elements. That Vogel suspected other elements in the region what appears now to be Bremsstrahlung continuum is a fact, but he did not further analyse this as evident from the video. Also this region, even if contained hidden peaks, Vogel would have found I extremely tough to meaningfully identify elements from this section. Hidden peaks or not</span><span style="background-color:transparent;">, it is not possible to deduce from the data at hand, that in any way </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">''‘an enormous mélange of almost all of the elements in the periodic table” can be''</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> inferred from the concerned section of the video of the spectral analysis. Why Guido's comment was linked to this part of spectral analysis by IIG, is unknown, as there is doubt that Guido's inference is based on analysis of another area of the sample, not on video. Vogel might not have recorded the concerned section at all as we will investigate now.</span>

	<span style="background-color:transparent;">The author is of the opinion that this comment by Guido “nearly” echoes the point made by Wendelle and the investigators in the Preliminary Report pp 426 as reproduced below. </span>		<span style="background-color:transparent;">The author is of the opinion that this comment by Guido “nearly” echoes the point made by Wendelle and the investigators in the Preliminary Report pp 426 as reproduced below. </span>
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	[[File:IIG_Metal_Deconstruction_-_preliminary_rep_-_metallic_part.jpg\|300px\|thumbnail\|center\|Describing the metallic part]]		[[File:IIG_Metal_Deconstruction_-_preliminary_rep_-_metallic_part.jpg\|300px\|thumbnail\|center\|Describing the metallic part]]

	Only after the above paragraph, the report proceeds to describe the non-metallic (i.e. crystalline) part of the sample. The content of the report from Figure 2 is later used to justify the find of unusual number of trace elements and uniform curve with no breaks or curves as in point number 3 in page 426 of the preliminary report ~~as in~~ Figure 1. Note that the spectrograph which yielded Rhenium is ~~also~~ not shown in video. From the available data, it can be concluded that another part of the metal analysis produced these results which is not on video.		Only after the above paragraph, the report proceeds to describe the non-metallic (i.e. crystalline) part of the sample. The content of the report from Figure "Describing the metallic part" is later used to justify the find of unusual number of trace elements and uniform curve with no breaks or curves as in point number 3 in page 426 of the preliminary report (refer Figure "Unusual number of trace elements"). Note also that the spectrograph which yielded Rhenium is '''not''' shown in video. From the available data, it can be concluded that another part of the metal analysis produced these results which is not on video.

	Any x-ray diffraction analysis that might have been done by Vogel are also not part of the interview video.		Any x-ray diffraction analysis that might have been done by Vogel are also not part of the interview video.

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:17, 2 January 2018
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	<span style="color:#004586;">“</span><span style="color:#004586;">In Part 2 at the 3:21 time mark, Vogel interprets the bright region as evidence of metal birefringence. This is shown in Fig 9. To obtain these images, he either rotates one of the illumination polarizers or adjusts the Wollaston prism in an optical microscope equipped with Nomarski analysis setup.</span>		<span style="color:#004586;">“</span><span style="color:#004586;">In Part 2 at the 3:21 time mark, Vogel interprets the bright region as evidence of metal birefringence. This is shown in Fig 9. To obtain these images, he either rotates one of the illumination polarizers or adjusts the Wollaston prism in an optical microscope equipped with Nomarski analysis setup.</span>

	Such rotation of polarizers and adjustment of Wollaston prism are integral to inspecting a birefringent sample. The effect of rotation of polariser is explained in above tutorial. Wollaston prism separates polarised light into two polarized outputs separated by an angle<ref>[https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=917 https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=917]</ref>. Wollaston prisms are commonly used in rotation mounts. A demonstration of use of Wollaston prism is available [[~~http~~://~~olympusmicro~~.com/primer/java/~~prismsandbeamsplitters~~/~~polarizing~~/~~index.html here~~]] (requires Java).		Such rotation of polarizers and adjustment of Wollaston prism are integral to inspecting a birefringent sample. The effect of rotation of polariser is explained in above tutorial. Wollaston prism separates polarised light into two polarized outputs separated by an angle<ref>[https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=917 https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=917]</ref>. Wollaston prisms are commonly used in rotation mounts. A demonstration of use of Wollaston prism is available [[https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/microscope-resource/primer/java/dic/wollastonwavefronts/]] (requires Java).


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	The same link can be referred to verify how such a setup is used to illuminate a birefringent sample for examination.		The same link can be referred to verify how such a setup is used to illuminate a birefringent sample for examination.

	At this mark, Vogel examines the silvery specimen at 4th stage, he rotates the analyzer (not the polarizer as Ivan asserts) while examining the specimen on the stage with fixed magnification. When the transmission axes of the analyzer and polarizer are crossed at an angle (90 degrees), maximum specimen birefringence is observed (maximum extinction of non-birefringent part). This is because no light from the non-birefringent part of the sample is accepted by the analyzer at this stage, however the region possessing birefringence couple some of the polarized light in one direction into other, therefore will not loose its brightness fully, but rather “appear” bright against the dark background.		At this mark, Vogel examines the silvery specimen at 4th stage, and he rotates the analyzer (not the polarizer as Ivan asserts) while examining the specimen on the stage with fixed magnification. When the transmission axes of the analyzer and polarizer are crossed at an angle (90 degrees), maximum specimen birefringence is observed (maximum extinction of non-birefringent part). This is because no light from the non-birefringent part of the sample is accepted by the analyzer at this stage, however the region possessing birefringence couple some of the polarized light in one direction into other, therefore will not loose its brightness fully, but rather “appear” bright against the dark background.

	Vogel also discovers birefringence at a higher magnification using SEM. Refer same video 6:35 mark.		Vogel also discovers birefringence at a higher magnification using SEM. Refer same video 6:35 mark.
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	Now compare the above 2 figures, and note how it's not just edges that are illuminated.		Now compare the above 2 figures, and note how it's not just edges that are illuminated.

	Ivan also omitted Dr. Vogel's analysis of other even more complex segments. He points out birefringence in all the sample he tested (gradually diffused from lower to higher stage material), and a couple a shown below:		Ivan also omitted Dr. Vogel's analysis of other even more complex segments. He points out birefringence in all the sample he tested (gradually diffused from lower to higher stage material), and a couple are shown below:

	<span style="background-color:transparent;">Looking at the first specimen from 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage, in tape 2 right in the beginning, Vogel points out birefringence. This specimen was polished: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">“It is silvery as you can see in colour. It looks like it has been melted. This is the last specimen which was <muffled> in plastic, <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished in Switzerland and now you can see this meal in its pristine state”.</span>		<span style="background-color:transparent;">Looking at the first specimen from 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage, in tape 2 right in the beginning, Vogel points out birefringence. This specimen was polished: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">“It is silvery as you can see in colour. It looks like it has been melted. This is the last specimen which was <muffled> in plastic, <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished in Switzerland and now you can see this meal in its pristine state”.</span>

	<span style="background-color:transparent;">~~The~~ in another instance, looking at the fifth specimen belonging to silvery 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage metal, Dr. Vogel comments “We are now looking at a silvery metal fifth specimen number 5 at the 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage of development, that is used according to the document that was given to me in the preparation of the spacecraft. We are looking at the object now which is being <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished, under cross field polarized light using a 250W Cesium Iodide light source”.</span>		<span style="background-color:transparent;">Then in another instance, looking at the fifth specimen belonging to silvery 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage metal, Dr. Vogel comments “We are now looking at a silvery metal fifth specimen number 5 at the 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage of development, that is used according to the document that was given to me in the preparation of the spacecraft. We are looking at the object now which is being <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished, under cross field polarized light using a 250W Cesium Iodide light source”.</span>

	Vogel then points out pockets of white birefringent sub-area in otherwise non-birefringent dark area (see below). Also note the difference between this area and the effect duplicated by Ivan by scratching one metal with another. This sample is remarked as being polished.		Vogel then points out pockets of white birefringent sub-area in otherwise non-birefringent dark area (see below). Also note the difference between this area, and the effect duplicated by Ivan by scratching one metal with another. This sample is remarked as being polished.

	[[File:IIG_Metal_Deconstruction_-_Reference_-_Diffused_birefringence.jpg\|600px\|thumbnail\|center\|Diffusion of birefringent areas in 5th specimen in otherwise non-birefringent specimen (non-illuminated majority). Poor video quality.]]		[[File:IIG_Metal_Deconstruction_-_Reference_-_Diffused_birefringence.jpg\|600px\|thumbnail\|center\|Diffusion of birefringent areas in 5th specimen in otherwise non-birefringent specimen (non-illuminated majority). Poor video quality.]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:16, 9 January 2017
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	''Wollaston prisms are a type of prism made of two layers of a crystalline substance, such as quartz, which, due to the variation of refractive index depending on the polarisation of the light, splits the light according to its polarisation. The Nomarski prism causes the two rays to come to a focal point outside the body of the prism, and so allows greater flexibility when setting up the microscope, as the prism can be actively focused. “''		''Wollaston prisms are a type of prism made of two layers of a crystalline substance, such as quartz, which, due to the variation of refractive index depending on the polarisation of the light, splits the light according to its polarisation. The Nomarski prism causes the two rays to come to a focal point outside the body of the prism, and so allows greater flexibility when setting up the microscope, as the prism can be actively focused. “''

	A Wollaston prsm is used in a NIC setup<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollaston_prism ~~http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollaston_prism]~~</ref>.		A Wollaston prsm is used in a Nomarski interference contrast (NIC) setup<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollaston_prism</ref>.

	Cross polarised light is a term used to describe the state of a polarising microscope when both the lower and upper polariser are inserted. Polarised light is light that vibrates only in one direction. The lower polariser causes the incident light on a section to vibrate usually in the E-W direction. The upper polariser only allows light vibrating in the N-S direction to pass. With no mineral specimen in the path of the light, no light will pass through the upper polariser, also known as the analyser. Optically anisotropic minerals in the path of the incident rays, however, split light into two rays that when recombined at the analyser can interfere and pass through. Thus optically anisotropic materials appear bright or relatively bright in the background of optically isotropic material. In other words, cross polarization is a technique for inspecting optically anisotropic materials (or birefringent material).		Cross polarised light is a term used to describe the state of a polarising microscope when both the lower and upper polariser are inserted. Polarised light is light that vibrates only in one direction. The lower polariser causes the incident light on a section to vibrate usually in the E-W direction. The upper polariser only allows light vibrating in the N-S direction to pass. With no mineral specimen in the path of the light, no light will pass through the upper polariser, also known as the analyser. Optically anisotropic minerals in the path of the incident rays, however, split light into two rays that when recombined at the analyser can interfere and pass through. Thus optically anisotropic materials appear bright or relatively bright in the background of optically isotropic material. In other words, cross polarization is a technique for inspecting optically anisotropic materials (or birefringent material).
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	<span style="color:#004586;">“</span><span style="color:#004586;">In Part 2 at the 3:21 time mark, Vogel interprets the bright region as evidence of metal birefringence. This is shown in Fig 9. To obtain these images, he either rotates one of the illumination polarizers or adjusts the Wollaston prism in an optical microscope equipped with Nomarski analysis setup.</span>		<span style="color:#004586;">“</span><span style="color:#004586;">In Part 2 at the 3:21 time mark, Vogel interprets the bright region as evidence of metal birefringence. This is shown in Fig 9. To obtain these images, he either rotates one of the illumination polarizers or adjusts the Wollaston prism in an optical microscope equipped with Nomarski analysis setup.</span>

	Such rotation of polarizers and adjustment of Wollaston prism are integral to inspecting a birefringent sample. The effect of rotation of polariser is explained in above tutorial. Wollaston prism separates polarised light into two polarized outputs separated by an angle<ref>[https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=917 https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=917]</ref>. Wollaston prisms are commonly used in rotation mounts. A demonstration of use of Wollaston prism is available [[http://olympusmicro.com/primer/java/prismsandbeamsplitters/polarizing/index.html ~~http://olympusmicro.com/primer/java/prismsandbeamsplitters/polarizing/index.html~~] ~~here~~].		Such rotation of polarizers and adjustment of Wollaston prism are integral to inspecting a birefringent sample. The effect of rotation of polariser is explained in above tutorial. Wollaston prism separates polarised light into two polarized outputs separated by an angle<ref>[https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=917 https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=917]</ref>. Wollaston prisms are commonly used in rotation mounts. A demonstration of use of Wollaston prism is available [[http://olympusmicro.com/primer/java/prismsandbeamsplitters/polarizing/index.html here]] (requires Java).


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	Ivan does not elaborate how above-mentioned effect would cause it. However, Fresnel effect is the observation that things get more reflective at grazing angles. An example would be that if you look straight down from above at a pool of water, you will not see very much reflected light on the surface of the pool, and can see down through the surface to the bottom of the pool.  At a glancing angle (looking with your eye level with the water, from the edge of the water surface), you will see much more secularity and reflections on the water surface, and might not be able to see what's under the water.		Ivan does not elaborate how above-mentioned effect would cause it. However, Fresnel effect is the observation that things get more reflective at grazing angles. An example would be that if you look straight down from above at a pool of water, you will not see very much reflected light on the surface of the pool, and can see down through the surface to the bottom of the pool.  At a glancing angle (looking with your eye level with the water, from the edge of the water surface), you will see much more secularity and reflections on the water surface, and might not be able to see what's under the water.

	A simple yet beautiful demonstration is available in ~~the [[~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-2cUWUe0fY ~~https://www.youtube.com~~/~~watch?][https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-2cUWUe0fY v=F-2cUWUe0fY] youtube]~~.		A simple yet beautiful demonstration is available in youtube<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-2cUWUe0fY</ref>.

	Note here that the viewing angle changes and no polarized light is required to test this.		Note here that the viewing angle changes and no polarized light is required to test this.
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	Ivan also omitted Dr. Vogel's analysis of other even more complex segments. He points out birefringence in all the sample he tested (gradually diffused from lower to higher stage material), and a couple a shown below:		Ivan also omitted Dr. Vogel's analysis of other even more complex segments. He points out birefringence in all the sample he tested (gradually diffused from lower to higher stage material), and a couple a shown below:

	<span style="background-color:transparent;">Looking at the first specimen from 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage, in tape 2 right in the beginning, Vogel points out birefringence. This specimen was polished: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">“It is silvery as you can see in colour. It looks like it has been melted. This is the last specimen which was <muffled> in plastic, <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">~~'''~~polished~~'''</span><span style="background-color:transparent;">~~ in Switzerland and now you can see this meal in its pristine state”.</span>		<span style="background-color:transparent;">Looking at the first specimen from 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage, in tape 2 right in the beginning, Vogel points out birefringence. This specimen was polished: </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">“It is silvery as you can see in colour. It looks like it has been melted. This is the last specimen which was <muffled> in plastic, <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished in Switzerland and now you can see this meal in its pristine state”.</span>

	<span style="background-color:transparent;">The in another instance, looking at the fifth specimen belonging to silvery 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage metal, Dr. Vogel comments “We are now looking at a silvery metal fifth specimen number 5 at the 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage of development, that is used according to the document that was given to me in the preparation of the spacecraft. We are looking at the object now which is being <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">~~'''~~polished~~'''</span><span style="background-color:transparent;">~~,~~</span><span style="background-color:transparent;">~~ under cross field polarized light using a 250W Cesium Iodide light source”.</span>		<span style="background-color:transparent;">The in another instance, looking at the fifth specimen belonging to silvery 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage metal, Dr. Vogel comments “We are now looking at a silvery metal fifth specimen number 5 at the 4</span><span style="background-color:transparent;"><sup>th</sup></span><span style="background-color:transparent;"> stage of development, that is used according to the document that was given to me in the preparation of the spacecraft. We are looking at the object now which is being <muffled> and </span><span style="background-color:transparent;">polished, under cross field polarized light using a 250W Cesium Iodide light source”.</span>

	Vogel then points out pockets of white birefringent sub-area in otherwise non-birefringent dark area (see below). Also note the difference between this area and the effect duplicated by Ivan by scratching one metal with another. This sample is remarked as being polished.		Vogel then points out pockets of white birefringent sub-area in otherwise non-birefringent dark area (see below). Also note the difference between this area and the effect duplicated by Ivan by scratching one metal with another. This sample is remarked as being polished.