Brexit

IMPORTANT NOTE
This article is not an official FIGU publication.

The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, also known as the "EU referendum" and the "Brexit referendum", took place on 23 June 2016 in the United Kingdom (UK) and Gibraltar to ask the people if they wanted the country either to remain a member of or to leave the European Union (EU) under the provisions of the European Union Referendum Act 2015 and also the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000. The referendum resulted in 51.9% of voters in favour of leaving the EU. Although legally the referendum was non-binding, the government of that time had promised to implement the result, and it initiated the official EU withdrawal process on 29 March 2017, meaning that the UK is due to leave the EU before midnight on 29 March 2019, UK time, when the two-year period for Brexit negotiations expires.

Membership of the EU and its predecessors has long been a topic of debate in the United Kingdom. The country joined what were then the three European Communities, principally the European Economic Community (EEC, or "Common Market"), in 1973. A previous referendum on continued membership of the then European Communities (Common Market) was held in 1975, and it was approved by 67.2% (17,378,581) of "Yes" (stay) voters compared to 32.8% (8,470,073) of "No" voters.

Source: 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum (Wikipedia)

Contact Report 655 excerpt

Source: Contact Report 655

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English	German
Excerpt from the 655th contact conversation from Thursday, the 30th of June, 2016, 1:57pm	Auszüge aus dem 655. Kontaktgespräch vom Donnerstag, den 30. Juni 2016, 13.57 h
Billy:	Billy:
Quite. Now England has indeed said goodbye to the EU-dictatorship, but as I see it, on the one hand the Scots and around 48 percent of the English are indeed crazy and pathologically dumb, that they continue to flirt with the EU-dictatorship and are willing to let themselves be subjugated by it and enslaved. Now on the other hand, the henchmen of the EU-dictatorship - namely with the might-greedy and reality-estranged-naive German Chancelloress Merkel leading the way as well as Juncker and Schulz - are attempting to terrorize England, so that Britain gets out as soon as possible from the dictatorship. And as for my assessment of the matter, now the whole smear-campaign against England by the criminal EU-dictators Juncker and Schulz, etc. as well as the EU-dictator Merkel, is driven out of sheer hatred and brainless revenge, in order to punish and drive England into hardship and misery. And thereby also playing with the deceitful idea, that by another and repeat vote sooner or later, England piles into the EU-dictatorship, just as that which the sick blockheads of Scotland indeed also strive for, which is why they secede from England and want to be independent. And what more is to be said, based on the fact that when the federal speeches are held in Germany, that neither Angela Merkel nor her like-minded hangers-on concern themselves with that which their opponents rightly state in their speeches and in accordance with the truth. So I was frequently able to observe on television, that for one thing the reality-estranged-naive Chancelloress and her subservient skulkers-in-at-the-back only grin stupidly and maliciously, babble with their peers or read newspapers, etc. Thus the rational ones who are familiar with thinking over the effective facts and also name them – such as Sahra Wagenknecht at the forefront, born in 1969, who works as a German economist, journalist and politician –, has no chance to be able to get through with the power-obsessed ones and politically achieve something of value.	Eben. Nun hat sich ja England von der EU-Diktatur verabschiedet, doch so wie ich die Sache sehe, sind ja einerseits die Schotten und rund 48 Prozent der Engländer verrückt und krankhaft dumm, dass sie weiterhin mit der EU-Diktatur liebäugeln und sich von dieser knechten und versklaven lassen wollen. Anderseits versuchen nun die EU-Diktaturschergen – und zwar allen voran die machtgierige und wirklichkeitsfremd-naive deutsche Bundeskanzlerin Merkel sowie Juncker und Schulz – England zu terrorisieren, damit Britannien so schnell wie möglich aus der Diktatur aussteigt. Und wie ich die Sache einschätze, wird nun die ganze Hetze gegen England durch die kriminellen EU-Diktatoren Juncker und Schulz usw. sowie die EU-Diktatorin Merkel aus blankem Hass und hirnloser Rache betrieben, um England abzustrafen und in Not und Elend zu treiben. Und dabei spielt auch der hinterlistige Gedanke mit, dass England durch eine weitere und wiederholende Abstimmung früher oder später neuerlich in die EUDiktatur einsteigt, wie das die kranken Dummköpfe Schottlands ja auch anstreben, weshalb sie sich von England abspalten und selbständig werden wollen. Und was weiter zu sagen ist beruht darauf, dass wenn in Deutschland die Bundestagsreden gehalten werden, dass weder Angela Merkel noch ihre mitstreitenden Trabanten sich darum kümmern, was ihre Gegner in ihren Reden richtigerweise und der Wahrheit gemäss ausführen. So konnte ich im Fernsehen des öftern beobachten, dass die wirklichkeitsfremd-naive Bundeskanzlerin und ihre ihr hörigen Hinten-hinein-Schleicher einerseits nur dämlich und hämisch grinsen, mit ihren Gleichgesinnten quasseln oder Zeitungen lesen usw. So haben die Vernünftigen, die nachdenkend mit den effectiven Fakten vertraut sind und diese auch nennen – wie z.B. an vorderster Front die 1969 geborene Sahra Wagenknecht, die als deutsche Volkswirtin, Publizistin und Politikerin arbeitet –, keine Chance, bei den Machtbesessenen durchdringen und politisch etwas von Wert erreichen zu können.
Ptaah:	Ptaah:
It is absolutely without question and without a doubt, that everything is indeed just as you say, and you rightfully highlight the politician Sahra Wagenknecht, because this woman in every respect sees the effective facts correctly and is also courageously committed in every wise. For this, however, she will be insulted in the wake of the stupidity of the reality-estranged-naive and power-crazed Merkel and her subservient vassals and through this attempted to bring into ridicule, as the Merkel henchmen twist and misrepresent the effective facts, in order to thereby confuse and to draw many to their side. But even those Scots, of whom you speak, are really dull with regard to the truth-recognition concerning the EU and are neither able to recognize nor to understand how dictatorially dangerous and devious the EU dictatorship really is. Regarding the EU itself, the dictatorial mightful ones are not capable of dealing with the fact that the majority of the English population recognized the European Union as a dictatorship and has voted in favour of a withdrawal from it. In fact, nothing better could be done and thus in some circumstances also the beginnings for it are created, that also populations of other countries which have joined the EU-Dictatorship, free themselves again from it, especially now if prudent rulers of these states take the necessary steps for a break with the EU-Dictatorship. With the whole thing also, fact is that already for some time now, large parts of the population of various EU-dictatorship countries regret the EU-membership and would like to pull out of the dictatorship, which however is prevented, unfortunately, by fools from the population as well as by the power-obsessed rulers.	Es ist absolut fraglos und zweifellos, dass alles tatsächlich so ist, wie du sagst, wobei du die Politikerin Sahra Wagenknecht des Rechtens hervorhebst, denn diese Frau sieht in jeder Hinsicht die effectiven Fakten richtig und steht auch in jeder Beziehung mutig dafür ein. Dafür wird sie jedoch infolge der Dummheit der wirklichkeitsfremd-naiven und machtbesessenen Merkel und ihren ihr hörigen Vasallen beschimpft und dadurch lächerlich zu machen versucht, indem die Merkelanhänger die effectiven Fakten verdrehen und falsch darstellen, um dadurch viele zu irritieren und auf ihre Seite zu ziehen. Doch auch jene Schotten, von denen du sprichst, sind bezüglich der Wahrheitserkennung in bezug auf die EU wirklich dumm und vermögen weder zu erkennen noch zu verstehen, wie diktatorisch gefährlich und hinterhältig die EU-Diktatur wirklich ist. Bezüglich der EU selbst vermögen die diktatorisch Mächtigen nicht zu verkraften, dass das Gros der englischen Bevölkerung die Europäische Union als Diktatur erkannt und für einen Austritt aus dieser gestimmt hat. Tatsächlich konnte nichts Besseres getan und damit unter Umständen auch der Anfang dafür geschaffen werden, dass auch Bevölkerungen anderer Staaten, die sich der EUDiktatur angeschlossen haben, sich wieder von dieser befreien, besonders eben dann, wenn besonnene Regierende dieser Staaten die notwendigen Schritte für einen Bruch mit der EU-Diktatur unternehmen. Tatsache ist beim Ganzen auch, dass schon seit geraumer Zeit grosse Bevölkerungsteile diverser EU-Diktaturländer die EU-Mitgliedschaft bereuen und wieder aus der Diktatur austreten möchten, was aber leider von Dummen aus der Bevölkerung sowie von den machtbesessenen Regierenden verhindert wird.
Billy:	Billy:
Perhaps there comes a time, in which owing to bad advice the whole EU-Dictatorship goes down the drain and all its lowly-intelligent and simple-minded henchmen and advocates kick themselves with rage in their own bottom. But let's leave that, because I would like to address something another time, about which we have again also recently communicated...	Vielleicht kommt eine Zeit, in der durch schlechten Rat die ganze EU-Diktatur flöten geht und alle ihre dumm-dämlichen Anhänger und Befürworter sich vor Wut in den eigenen Hintern beissen. Aber lassen wir das, denn ich möchte ein andermal etwas ansprechen, worüber wir ja auch kürzlich wieder kommuniziert haben...

Relevant reading

non-FIGU sourced

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Branding and wording choices

It has been argued that the 'Leave' brand was stronger and more effective than the 'Remain' brand. According to Mike Hind, a marketing professional, "The 'Britain Stronger In Europe' brand was stillborn. On the basis of preparation, presentation and messaging, it deserved the kicking it got.' Additionally behavioural practioner Warren Hatter argues that 'Leave' as a word places a lower cognitive load on observers than 'Remain a member of'.

Related reading (not source): 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum (Wikipedia)

Prospect theory

Economics writer Chris Dillow has argued that, amongst other factors, Prospect Theory may explain the surprising willingness of many voters to take a path widely viewed as the more risky of two (change vs status quo). In his words Prospect Theory 'Tells us that people who feel they’ve lost want to gamble to break even. This is why they back longshots on the last race of the day or why they hold onto badly performing stocks. The thing motivated many Leavers. People who had lost out from globalization, or felt discomfited by immigration, voted Leave because they felt they had little to lose from doing so.'

Related reading (not source): 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum (Wikipedia)

Existential drive

It has been claimed that Europeans can't understand the existential drive behind the British.

Democratic deficit in the European Union
The notion of a democratic deficit within the European Union (EU) is the idea that the governance of the EU lacks democratic legitimacy. This led in part to an elected European Parliament being created in 1979 and given the power to approve or reject EU legislation. Since then, usage of the term has broadened to describe newer issues facing the European Union. However voter turnout has fallen consecutively at the seven elections since the first election in 1979 and voter turnout in the 2014 election stood at 42.54% of all European voters. This is the lowest of any national election in the 28 countries of the European Union where turnout at national elections averages 68% across the EU.

Opinions vary as to whether the EU has democratic deficits or how it should be remedied if it does. Pro-Europeans reason the European Union ought to reform its institutions, making them more accountable to the tax payer, while Eurosceptics on the other hand reason the EU should experience a reduction in powers, rather than a further expansion, and subsequently often campaign for withdrawal altogether.

Source: Democratic deficit in the European Union (Wikipedia)

Related reading (not source): Impact of Brexit on the European Union (Wikipedia)

Benefits of the European Union

European Union citizens have the right to free movement, settlement and employment across the EU. They're free to trade and transport goods, services and capital through EU borders, as a supranational market, with no restrictions on capital movements or incurred fees. The right to vote in and run as a candidate in a local elections in the country where they live, as well as European elections and European Citizens' Initiative. They have been given the right to consular protection by embassies of other EU member states, when a person's country of citizenship is not represented by an embassy or consulate in the country in which they require protection. The right to address the European Parliament, European Ombudsman, and EU agencies directly in their own language, provided the issue raised is within that institution's competence. Enjoying the legal protections of EU law, including the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and acts and directives e.g protection of personal data, rights of crime victims, preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, equal pay, protection from discrimination in employment on grounds of religion or belief, sexual orientation and age. The EU also has an office of European Ombudsman whom EU citizens can approach directly.

Source: Citizenship of the European_Union (Wikipedia)

Switzerland–European Union relations

The relations between Switzerland and the European Union (EU) are framed by a series of bilateral treaties whereby the Swiss Confederation has adopted various provisions of European Union law in order to participate in the Union's single market, without joining as a member state. All but one (the microstate Liechtenstein) of Switzerland's neighbouring countries are EU member states. The currency of Switzerland is of course the Swiss franc. Switzerland with Liechtenstein is therefore in the unusual position of being surrounded by countries that use the euro. On 6 September 2011, the Swiss franc effectively became fixed against the euro: the Franc had always floated independently until its currency appreciation became unacceptable during the eurozone debt crisis. The European Union is Switzerland's largest trading partner, and Switzerland is the EU's third largest trading partner, after the U.S. and China. Switzerland accounts for 5.2% of the EU's imports; chemicals, medicinal products, machinery, instruments, time pieces, and many other things. In terms of services, the EU's exports to Switzerland amounted to €67.0 billion in 2008 while imports from Switzerland stood at €47.2 billion.

Source: Switzerland–European Union relations (Wikipedia)

Norway–European Union relations

The Kingdom of Norway is not a member state of the European Union (EU). It is associated with the Union through its membership in agreements in the European Economic Area (EEA) established in 1994, and by virtue of being a founding member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) which was founded in 1960, one of the two historically dominant western European trade blocs. Norway had twice considered joining the European Community and the European Union, but opted to decline following referenda in 1972 and 1994. The 'EEA agreement' grants Norway access to the EU's single market. From the 23,000 EU laws currently in force, the EEA has incorporated around 5,000 (in force) meaning that Norway is subject to roughly 21% of EU laws. According to Norway's Foreign Affairs (NOU 2012:2 p. 790, 795), from the legislative acts implemented from 1994 to 2010, 70% of EU directives and 17% of EU regulations in force in the EU in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010. Overall, this means that about 28% of EU legislation in force of these two types in 2008 were in force in Norway in 2010. While the Norwegian parliament has to approve all new legislation which has "significant new obligations", this has been widely supported and usually uncontested; between 1992 and 2011, 92% of EU laws were approved unanimously, and most of the rest by a broad majority. Norway has been granted participation rights (save voting rights) in several of the Union's programmes, bodies and initiatives. These include security and defence areas like the European Defence Agency, the Nordic Battle Group, Frontex, Europol and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Whether or not the country should apply for full membership has been one of the most dominant and divisive issues in modern Norwegian political debate. Norway's trade is dominated by the EU, and Norway is the EU's fifth most important import partner. Norway to EU trade amounted to €91.85 billion in 2008, primarily energy supplies (only 14.1% is manufactured products). The EU's exports to Norway amounted to €43.58 billion, primarily manufactured products.

Source: Norway–European Union relations (Wikipedia)

Further Reading

• Contact Report 444
• Contact Report 655
• Brexit (Wikipedia)

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